浅谈对21世纪初我国“神医”事件的思考

本文概述了21世纪初我国几个典型的＂神医＂事件,初步分析了21世纪初我国＂神医＂的基本特征,并在法律层面和科技工作者层面上提出了相关对策,指出：在法律层面上,应进一步完善相关法律法规;而在科技工作者层面上,应进一步加强媒体、科技工作者、政府的合作。     

Role of sepiolite in the release of active compounds from gelatin–egg white films

Nanosized material fillers are widely used to enhance certain properties of polymers. Moreover, the use of nanoclays as a delivery host in pharmaceutical fields has gained a great interest. Sepiolite was incorporated to gelatin–egg white films containing clove essential oil. The effect of the incorporation of both sepiolite and clove essential oil on the physical properties of the resultant films was evaluated. Special attention was given to the role of this nanoclay in the release of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds from the film matrix. Sepiolite showed a reinforcement effect of Young’s modulus and tensile strength, meanwhile the clove essential oil had a certain plasticizing effect by increasing the elongation at break and water vapour permeability (WVP). When both compounds were added together, a noticeable loss of mechanical properties was observed, related to the loss of gelling capacity (G′), protein self-aggregation and α-helix structure decrease (FTIR). However, the WPV increased, probably due to the presence of cavities in the matrix observed by SEM. The incorporation of sepiolite in these films containing clove essential oil increased the release of both protein components and eugenol from the film matrix, leading to a controlled release of the antioxidant activity measured by ferric reducing ability and radical scavenging capacity, as well as a higher antimicrobial effect.     

Characterization of solution blown thermoplastic polyurethane nanofibers modified with Szygium aromaticum extract

Abstract

Antibacterial wound dressing mats were produced via coating solution blown TPU nanofiber mats with Szygium aromaticum extract (clove oil). Soxhlet extraction was used to obtain clove oil (CO) and according to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, it was shown that extract was mostly composed of eugenol and β-caryophylene, which exhibit superior antimicrobial activity. TPU nanofiber mats were coated with obtained clove oil in order to obtain antibacterial nanofibers. Even 2?mg/cm² clove oil coated TPU nanofibers (E2/TPU) exhibited a zone of inhibition around 24 and 22?mm against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. On the other hand, air permeability of nanofibrous mats decreased with the increasing amount of clove oil over 5?mg/cm², because clove oil caused changes in nanofiber morphology. However, the presence of clove oil did not affect the morphology of E2/TPU, where air permeability values of those dressings were close to that of neat TPU nanofiber mats.     

More about "Doctors".

One may well add to the excellent letter of Sidney J. Fields in the last issue a few further considerations, in large part anthropological, that help to provide perspective. As a glance at the encyclopedic Oxford Dictionary will show, the title doctor historically originated in medieval Europe with the theologian--the doctor of divinity. The doctor of philosophy is, of course, an offshoot of the same stalk and in the days of medieval learning, before the heyday of modern science, even the doctor of medicine was expected to write a learned thesis. In some European universities this practice still prevails. The generic doctor is, after all, the man of learning who teaches (doceo in Latin is teach), and not only are there many kinds of professional doctors, but there are many varieties of scientific ones--in physiology, chemistry, linguistics, psychology, etc. Goethe's Dr. Faust preferred to be known not as a doctor of theology but as a doctor of medicine. Is it generally known that in England the surgeon (F.R.C.S.) is regularly called Mister? The general practitioner ordinarily does not have an MD degree and is addressed as Doctor by courtesy only. Not to be overlooked is the studied manner in which the American academic "Doctor," reacting perhaps against the Central European proliferation of titles (Herr Prof. Dr. Jones), modestly calls himself "Mister." To the argument that in case of emergency the wrong "Doctor" might be enlisted for help--to his embarrassment, let alone that of the victim--there is the obvious answer that in these days of widespread first aid training, the advisable appeal is not just for a physician but for anyone versed in appropriate measures. If all professional groups would agree to do without the title Doctor and, like the citizens of the French Revolution, be satisfied with the simple Mister, all would be well; or, if it is too late--or too early--for this recommendation, the alternative is to allow the title to anyone with the appropriate academic degree. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Degrees, Doctors, and Psychologists.

While Fields' letter in the December 1955 American Psychologist is informative and significant, it makes some errors which should be corrected, and further fails to touch on a number of pertinent problems. It is unfortunate that the public, as well as official agencies such as the House Committee on the Armed Services, misapply the title "Doctor" making it, as would appear, identical with the MD. The title "Doctor" has historic academic significance stemming from middle English, after the Latin doctorem, a teacher or instructor who inculcates learning, opinions or principles (Onions, C. T. Oxford Universal English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1937). Thus "Doctor" is, and has been, a degree applied to sundry branches of academic learning, presumably a certificate of the highest proficiency in a subject. The title "physician," contrary to the statement of Dr. Fields, is not for the exclusive use of the doctor of medicine, either historically or contemporaneously. From the legal standpoint, or the standpoint of training, a number of people in the healing arts aside from the doctor of medicine are entitled to the use of the title "physician." Certainly the psychologist must be made aware of the status of other professional people in the healing arts aside from the doctor of medicine. Whether their philosophical position is acceptable to him or not, many of these practitioners are formally trained and hold legal rights to practice. In terms of ethical problems, incidents may arise of an unpleasant interprofessional nature due to the psychologist's ignorance of the training and legal status of other healing professions: such an incident was reported within the past two years, in which a chiropractor having appropriate undergraduate work was barred from a graduate course in psychology on the basis of his chiropractic affiliation. A lack of understanding of the functions and qualifications of other professional groups is unfortunate in terms of interprofessional relations, and the ultimate status of psychology itself in its therapeutic aspect. Probably the big problem is recognition of the new professional role which psychology is assuming, a role which demands standardization of curriculum and perhaps the development of a doctorate in medical psychology, as suggested by L. S. Kubie (1954). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

丁香油的微乳液研究

研究了盐(NaCl)对于香油微乳液体系相态的影响,结果表明,随NaCl浓度的增加,体系由2相态(O/W型微乳液-丁香油)经3相态、4相态、3相态再转变成2相态(W/O型微乳液-水)。电导实验结果表明用正丁醇做助表面活性剂时,体系发生电导渗透(6.0ml水),在含水量为18.0ml时完全相反转(即由W/O型转变为O/W型),并可以获得较为稳定的O/W型丁香油微乳液。     

Emulsion stability of clove oil in chitosan and sodium alginate matrix

Clove oil was emulsified in 1% w/w chitosan (CC emulsions) and 2.5% w/w sodium alginate matrix (CA emulsions) containing Tween 80 as the surfactant. Different homogenization speeds (5,000, 10,000, 15,000 and 20,000 rpm) were used to produce the emulsions, and the stability of the emulsions during storage (29 days) was determined. The stability of the emulsions containing clove oil prior to the solidification process was assessed when chitosan and sodium alginate were used as encapsulating materials. Different homogenization speeds resulted in polydisperse emulsions with a size of 2–3 μm and 90% of stability after 29 days of storage. Different homogenization speeds did not significantly affect the concentrations of the active compounds contained in the emulsions. However, these concentrations changed significantly after 29 days of storage when sodium alginate was used to make the emulsions and the homogenization speeds were ≥ 10,000 rpm. High temperature caused by the high viscosity of the solution and high energy dissipation during homogenization suggested that the emulsions composed of sodium alginate were unstable. Chitosan enabled a longer processing time during the clove oil encapsulation process compared to sodium alginate, when emulsification by homogenization was used. The stability of the emulsion of the clove oil-in-chitosan matrix prior to the solidification step was superior.     

Synergetic antibacterial efficacy of cold nitrogen plasma and clove oil against Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilms on lettuce

This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of cold nitrogen plasma (CNP) and clove oil against Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) biofilm on lettuce. Both clove oil (1 mg/mL, 2 mg/mL and 4 mg/mL) and CNP (400–600 W) displayed significant eradication effect on E. coli O157:H7 biofilms in vitro (p < 0.001). Subsequently, the antibiofilm effect of combined treatment was studied as well. Compared with the respective treatment, combined treatment exhibited remarkable synergistic effect on eradicating E. coli O157:H7 biofilms. The confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) had also visually testified that the antibacterial effects of clove oil on E. coli O157:H7 biofilms (in vitro and on lettuce) were enhanced by CNP at 400 W for short treatment duration. The results of sensory evaluation indicated that combined treatment has mild negative effect on lettuce quality. Moreover, the synergetic antibacterial mechanism of clove oil and CNP against E. coli O157:H7 was concluded as that they could damage the bacterial cell wall and the outer membrane, leading to leakage of cellular components, such as nucleic acid and ATP.     

INHIBITION OF THE CORROSION OF NICKEL AND ITS ALLOYS BY NATURAL CLOVE OIL

The corrosion behavior of nickel, Inconel 600, and Inconel 690 in different concentrations of HCl solutions and its inhibition by clove oil was studied using potentiostatic polarization measurements. As the acid concentration increases, the rate of corrosion increases, indicating that HCl accelerates the dissolution of nickel and its alloys. The inhibition efficiency of the clove oil was found to increase with increase of its concentration. The inhibitive action of this oil was discussed in view of adsorption onto the metal surface. The adsorbed layer acts as a barrier between the metal surface and aggressive solution, leading to a decrease in corrosion rate. The adsorption process follows Langmuir adsorption isotherms. It was found that the clove oil provides good protection to nickel and its alloys against pitting corrosion in chloride-containing solution using potentiodynamic anodic polarization techniques.     

Work-family conflict and psychosocial work environment stressors as predictors of job stress in a cross-cultural study.

The purpose of this cross-cultural study was to investigate the relationship between work-family conflict (WFC), family-work conflict (FWC), job demands, job control, social support, flexibility in working hours, and job stress. The sample consisted of 27 doctors and 328 nurses from Norway, as well as 111 doctors and 136 nurses from India. The results indicate that predictors of job stress in India are different from Norway and different from doctors to nurses. For Norwegian doctors, none of the study variables were predictors of job stress. For Norwegian nurses WFC, high job demands, and low flexibility in working hours were predictors of job stress. For Indian doctors low job control and for Indian nurses high FWC and low social support were predictors of job stress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)